Tuesday, June 07, 2022

Why hasn’t FundMyHome taken off?

 

Malaysian property crowdfunding platform pioneer FundMyHome, one of the most celebrated and often cited property P2P financing schemes, was launched in November 2018.

FundMyHome was endorsed publicly by the then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng at its launch.

“This is a fantastic scheme which I couldn’t believe,” said Mahathir. Together with Guan Eng, both thumped their chests confidently and promised that as long as Pakatan Harapan were still governing, the next 10 years would see the supply of one million affordable housing units.

Mahathir even jokingly warned Tong Kooi Ong (The Edge Media Group chairman and FundMyHome initiator) about the “consequence” of failure. “I normally line them up against the wall and I shoot them. But I will not shoot Tong if he fails, but he will be exiled. So, he better succeed”, he said.

Looking back at the past 3 and a half years, things have changed, the FundMyHome scheme should now be regarded as “not so successful”, to put it mildly. Furthermore, Mahathir and Guan Eng are no longer in their governing positions, and therefore no one should expect Tong to be exiled.

Even if Pakatan Harapan had continued to govern, it would be a certainty that the FundMyHome scheme would not be the catalyst for the supply of one million affordable housing units.

The issue with first time homebuyers is not with the banks

First, we have to understand the basic concept of a “Property Crowdfunding platform”. It is an alternative financing method for first time homebuyers to purchase their house, in other words, this is not the kind of conventional bank mortgage. Based on the feedback from the developers and property buyers, a high percentage of mortgage application rejection rate is singled out as property transaction’s biggest obstacle (in 2021, banks had only approved 34.9% of mortgage applications).

Another problem is that many first-time homebuyers find themselves struggling to afford the first down payment of at least 10% of the property value, and as a result, financially fail to fulfil their wish as homeowners.

This has caused many problems for developers, because “affordable” housing units are overhung in large quantities (the statistics of the first half of 2021: 53.3% of overhung units belong to properties priced at RM500,000 and below).

Paradoxically, the Federal government and many state governments have their own policies that push strongly, sometimes even mandating developers build more affordable housing.

Many think that the problem lies with the bank, and chose to get around the bank mortgage but take the approach of “property crowdfunding platform” to help the first-time homebuyers to realise their dream.

The concept for FundMyHome is that, as long as the first time homebuyers who meet the criteria, can fork out 20% down payment (take note, it is 20%!), other “investors” may come in and finance the other 80% , then the first time homebuyer can “own” the property for five years without monthly repayment for their mortgage.

After five years, the purchaser has to decide whether to finance the property based on the current market valuation to continue “owning” the property, or sell the stake that they own (20%) to recoup their investment.

Agora Society released a media statement analysing different scenarios in greater detail, and concluded that FundMyHome is big bad news for first-time homebuyers.

They advised interested parties to reconsider their options.

Perhaps the FundMyHome scheme still exists today, but the website was last updated in 2020.

The website announced that they had financed RM10 million worth of properties. If one takes the average price of RM250,000 per property, then FundMyHome only managed to help 50 first-time homebuyers to finance properties.

If read carefully, one can also find that the financing scheme design has substantial changes compared to the initial one, which proves again the concerns highlighted by Agora Society and other critics about this scheme are valid.

The Securities Commission Malaysia, as the regulatory body for all models of property crowdfunding platforms, released the guidelines and regulatory framework as late as May 2019.

The terms and conditions in the guidelines are rather relaxed, mainly defining the homebuyers’ participating criteria, as well as conditions for the properties qualified to be listed in this platform.

However, the Securities Commission is rather open-minded about the financing model and secondary trading of investors based on their investment notes.

Unequal power and benefits favouring investors

Why has FundMyHome not found success? Can the concept of property crowdfunding platform still work?

In my opinion, the birth of the property crowdfunding platform concept was based on the wrong assumption about the root cause of the problem, it is not about the banks, but the fact that “affordable housing” prices are far from being affordable.

One needs to understand why the banks reject certain mortgage applications. It is usually based on their own department’s risk assessment mechanism.

In the end, banks are for-profit organisations, and therefore defaults on mortgages during economic recession could potentially create a significant impact to the cash flow of the banks themselves.

Could the property crowdfunding platform operators be ignorant or oblivious to the facts about certain homebuyers’ financial risk?

The investors surely also aim for potential financial gains and profits, as they don’t do it for charity or to become “angel” investors. Hence, taking the risk into consideration, the investors would demand higher returns if the risk is bigger.

The platform designer certainly also understands, and that is why the initial FundMyHome design was to appropriate 80% of the property value appreciation gain over five years back to investors!

If the property value depreciates, then the 20% down payment made by the first-time homebuyer would come in handy as a deposit to pay for the deficit, and hence minimises the risk of loss given market uncertainties.

To investors, if they evaluate and expect those participating properties to appreciate in five years, then they would be interested to participate in the property crowdfunding platform (or this would also perversely encourage them to speculate on these properties to make the outcome a certainty).

However, if one happens to face an economic recession, the real estate sector would likely be hit hard, and housing value would be unlikely to appreciate, while the revenue generated from the investment would not be realised.

That was exactly what happened in Malaysia since 2020. The Covid-19 pandemic caused economic turmoil, and the real estate sector was and is still suffering from it.

Even if the housing developers would like to use this platform to help sell the units (especially the overhung ones), there won’t be any investors interested. This explains why the property crowdfunding platform concept went silent in 2020.

No free lunch

First-time homebuyers must realise that the FundMyHome scheme actually doesn’t help them to fulfil their dream but only postpones their financing issues five years later.

They have to understand that in any appreciation of the property value, the purchaser has to pay a price and sacrifice for the investors’ disproportionate returns.

In conclusion, property crowdfunding platforms may be a temporary shortcut to get around bank mortgage issues, but it is not a better solution to help first-time homebuyers.

Given that the design logic of the platform leans towards investors’ interest, it is difficult to imagine if there is any model that could let both homebuyers and investors have an equal “win-win” scenario.

Do not believe in politician’s words telling you that this is an unbelievably fantastic scheme.

Pakatan Harapan’s policy is problematic. The current government should draw a clear line and refuse to adhere or succumb to property developers’ and investors’ logic.

The government should pay attention to housing property values, given that it is already inflated to unaffordable ranges, and people’s income growth is still stagnant and have not kept pace with housing prices. 

102nd article for Agora@TMI column, published on The Malaysian Insight, 23 May 2022 


社會健保是解決我國衛生籌資的良藥?

 我認為社會健保不是那個有效、公平且合適的解決方案和政策。政府必須拿出政治決心,優先把資源放在刀口上,特別是經歷了幾波疫情之後,更應該體認到人民健康才是財富,從而在公共衛生領域投入更多公共資源。當然,這未必能解決所有的公共衛生問題,但至少能解決不少因經費短缺而深受影響的醫療服務素質、表現和福利。


【文/林志翰】

兩年以來,國人見證了因新冠疫情惡化導致的醫療系統崩潰,也意識到公共衛生醫療的重要。無可否認,我國當時的公共醫療系統已經達到極限,急需私立醫院和診所扮演角色,協助治病或接種疫苗的任務。

而公眾對於政府醫院的刻板印象就是陳舊落魄、破損失修,甚至擁擠不堪,令人感到不舒服。而私立醫院則相反。又或者,公眾知道政府醫院及診所的收費低廉,背後有著政府的大量資助,財政預算案更在過去十年中的九年,不斷增加撥款,即從二〇一二年的一百六十九億令吉增至二〇二二年的三百二十四億令。然而,關心我國公共衛生政策的人士和學者依舊指出現有的撥款不足,疾呼政府務必將其撥款提高到相等於4%的國內生產總值(GDP)。

另一方面,政府常以債務赤字高及稅收有限為由,無法滿足衛生部更高的撥款要求。其實,這些問題已經累積良久。民間則建議政府在衛生籌資(Health Financing)方面從政府主要撥款模式轉型為社會健康保險/全民健保(Social Health Insurance)模式。而衛生部也曾在二〇一二年提倡名為「一個馬來西亞關懷健保計劃」(1 Care for 1 Malaysia)的社會健保模式。但是,此舉卻遭到民間反彈,並且隨著全國大選而不了了之。

首先,我們必須先了解社會健保制度與其爭議。衛生籌資與一個國家衛生系統息息相關,這關乎該國如何獲取資源,並且以此分配和提供醫療服務。所以,要組織一個衛生籌資系統就得思考和追問該國家衛生醫療系統的目標和宗旨。二〇一五年,聯合國大會採納全民健康覆盖(Universal Health Coverage)為其中一項可持續發展目標,其原則有:

一、獲取醫療的平等:無論是治療、預防、或康復醫療,應以可負擔成本獲取醫療服務;

二、財務風險保護:醫療費用不會造成個人的財務災難;

三、籌資平等:個人與家庭對衛生系統的財務貢獻必須基於可負擔能力。

所以,若要達到所謂的平等,在收費方面就必須要有一方或多方預付衛生醫療資金,並建議以累進式(progressive)收費。那就意味著高收入戶多付,貧窮戶少付或被豁免。同時,為了避免在求醫時面對收費的問題,制度必須採取預付資金的方式籌資。奈何,我國人民現場自掏腰包(out of pocket)付費佔總衛生籌資比率相當高,其二〇一九年就高達35%,當中一半給了私人醫院。

此外,一個良好和可持續的衛生籌資就必須要做到健康人士與病患之間,以及高收入戶與低收入戶之間的交叉補貼(cross subsidy),達到社會團結互助的目標。因此,政府選擇衛生籌資制度需要首先考量到財務的可持續發展目標,以確保經費流向、採購和支付機制能控制成本飆升的壓力。再來,制度必須導向正面及良好的結果。不同醫療服務的財務分配必須符合醫療需求,支付機制亦不可以變相鼓勵過度醫療,或導致特定的醫療服務短缺。

私保違背醫護原則

回到我國,我必須強調,無論是現行或社會健保模式,其所有資金仍來自民眾。現行模式是民眾繳付各種稅務進入了國庫,政府撥出一部分支付公共醫療服務。我國也設有公積金局(EPF)和社會保險機構(SOCSO),可以撥出其中的款項支付醫療保險或特定的治療(Medical Treatment)。而我前文提及的「自掏腰包」付費及私人醫保則屬於私人支付的範疇。

私人醫保在我國運行多年,到了二〇一九年僅佔國家衛生總支付的7.6%。其癥結在於,個人繳付的保費是基於個人風險,無法拿來交叉補貼其他人。保險公司也常為受保者開出條件,摒除一些已存在健康問題的申請者。那是一般保險業逆向選擇受保者導致的道德風險,即「要保健康的人,盡量不要生病的人」。試問,這不是有違醫護原則嗎?私人醫保在控制醫療成本方面也不完善,並且導致保費經常在幾年內調升。這等於加重多數貧窮家庭的財務負擔,亦違背可持續發展目標。

此外,我國公共醫療亦長期面對經費不足的問題。即使財政部幾乎年年提高預算,其速度依然追趕不上醫療需求。我國的公共衛生醫療支出與全世界相比則偏低,每年約佔2%的國內生產總值。而希盟在上一屆大選時曾承諾,其執政後將把此數字翻倍至4%的國內生產總值。

前文提及的「全民健康覆蓋」的其中一項基本共識就是,醫療籌資應該減少「自掏腰包」付費,同時也不該被私人健保主導,進而導致如美國的昂貴醫療現象,成為衛生籌資的負面教材。因此,為何政府和民間不去討論如何改善現行模式,卻轉而以社會健保為解決方案呢?


健保如額外征稅

我認為,很多倡議者並沒有解釋,社會健保其實更像一項額外的征稅機制。

首先,一般的社會健保設計是僱主和僱員共同支付一定比率,類似薪資所得稅。再來,若要這系統成功籌獲足夠的運作資金,其政策必須是強制的,並且連自僱人士也必須支付統一費率。最後,政府必須為貧窮和低收入家庭提供援助,津貼或豁免他們的保費,實行按能負擔的原則。

其中,台灣的「全民健康保險」是我國華社最熟悉不過的社會健保制度。許多實行該制度的國家也視個別情況設計出相應的配套措施。一般上,一個國家要轉型成社會健保需要考慮以下五項因素:

一、保費設計架構 :是否能確保收費是累進式的,并且顧及財務平等及公平?目前,我國有繳付所得稅的人口少過10%,如何為低收入乃至豁免繳付所得稅的僱員設計一套衛生籌資制度,或是反過來要求上述人士繳付保費是一大挑戰。

二、我國有四分之一的勞動力屬於自僱人士等非正式員工。政府或難以將上述人士登記及納入系統,且統一費率也是挑戰。

三、這政策是否造成僱主為了壓低公司成本,減少繳付健保費用,從而將正式僱員轉為臨時工?又或者,雇主基於同樣的動機調整薪水,從而導致僱員的可支配薪水更少?

四、醫療保障和受益範圍大小,亦決定財務風險的保護。以澳洲為例,其健保無涵蓋牙科服務。如此,人民同樣必須自掏腰包獲取相關服務。

五、健保是否還有共同付款(co-payment)制度?此制度設計可以避免受保者過度尋求醫療服務。相對的,這也可能影響其獲取醫療服務的平等。倘若共同付款的數額不小亦對於低收入家庭是一筆財務負擔。

考慮了以上因素,那麼社會健保制度還適合我國嗎?


健保如額外征稅

我認為,很多倡議者並沒有解釋,社會健保其實更像一項額外的征稅機制。

首先,一般的社會健保設計是僱主和僱員共同支付一定比率,類似薪資所得稅。再來,若要這系統成功籌獲足夠的運作資金,其政策必須是強制的,並且連自僱人士也必須支付統一費率。最後,政府必須為貧窮和低收入家庭提供援助,津貼或豁免他們的保費,實行按能負擔的原則。

其中,台灣的「全民健康保險」是我國華社最熟悉不過的社會健保制度。許多實行該制度的國家也視個別情況設計出相應的配套措施。一般上,一個國家要轉型成社會健保需要考慮以下五項因素:

一、保費設計架構 :是否能確保收費是累進式的,并且顧及財務平等及公平?目前,我國有繳付所得稅的人口少過10%,如何為低收入乃至豁免繳付所得稅的僱員設計一套衛生籌資制度,或是反過來要求上述人士繳付保費是一大挑戰。

二、我國有四分之一的勞動力屬於自僱人士等非正式員工。政府或難以將上述人士登記及納入系統,且統一費率也是挑戰。

三、這政策是否造成僱主為了壓低公司成本,減少繳付健保費用,從而將正式僱員轉為臨時工?又或者,雇主基於同樣的動機調整薪水,從而導致僱員的可支配薪水更少?

四、醫療保障和受益範圍大小,亦決定財務風險的保護。以澳洲為例,其健保無涵蓋牙科服務。如此,人民同樣必須自掏腰包獲取相關服務。

五、健保是否還有共同付款(co-payment)制度?此制度設計可以避免受保者過度尋求醫療服務。相對的,這也可能影響其獲取醫療服務的平等。倘若共同付款的數額不小亦對於低收入家庭是一筆財務負擔。

考慮了以上因素,那麼社會健保制度還適合我國嗎?


我認為,這個制度將無可避免加重財務和人事管理費用,以應付人民投保、保費收取、健保覆蓋和受益配套調整、醫療費支付等管理需求。這制度一般會比較容易導致醫療開銷飆升,也需要更強大的管理機制。台灣的全民健保長期面對上述問題,並且逐漸演變為政治課題。

二〇一〇年,世界銀行研究員亞當·瓦格斯塔夫(Adam Wagstaff)比較直接稅務支付和轉向社會健保制度的國家,發現直接稅務支付的衛生系統(公醫制)比較平等和具有成本效益。轉向社會健保國家,其平均人口健康消費則增加3至4%。然而,健康結果卻沒有獲得改善。更重要的是,僱主為了避免支付健保費而將正式僱員轉為臨時工,導致就業率下降8至10%。整體而言,轉向社會健保是退步的,這也正是我所擔憂的地方。

在此,我們應該要問的是:到底人民(包括僱主)願意接受另一項稅務嗎?如果轉向社會健保制度導致醫療費用飆升更快、更高,財政部要怎樣回應?政府要怎麼處理還沒有納入社會健保的人民求醫?我國已具備法律架構、技術、知識和資源操作社會健保制度了嗎?

縱使承認我國的公共衛生醫療確實面對不少問題和挑戰,但我認為社會健保不是那個有效、公平且合適的解決方案和政策。政府必須拿出政治決心,優先把資源放在刀口上,特別是經歷了幾波疫情之後,更應該體認到人民健康才是財富,從而在公共衛生領域投入更多公共資源。當然,這未必能解決所有的公共衛生問題,但至少能解決不少因經費短缺而深受影響的醫療服務素質、表現和福利。

刊登于《當代評論》2022年5月15日
原文鏈接:http://contemporary-review.com.my/2022/05/15/1-453


Friday, May 13, 2022

Cadangan bertulis berkenaan Peruntukan Larangan Ahli Dewan Rakyat Bertukar Parti (8 Apr 2022)

Untuk pengetahuan semua, saya pernah memberi pandangan dalam tulisan (‘A case for anti-hopping law’ yang dipaparkan dalam akhbar The Malaysian Insight dan ‘Membendung politik oportunistik: Undang-undang Anti-Lompat lebih berkesan daripada Pemecatan ahli’ (tajuk diterjemahkan dari Bahasa Cina) di Contemporary Review). Saya juga pernah menjadi panelis dalam satu forum awam atas talian bersama dengan YB Teo Nie Ching dan Prof. Wong Chin Huat, berbicara mengenai topik yang sama. Di sini saya cuba menjawab juga apa yang ditetapkan oleh Parameter RUU (Lampiran A).

Sebagai seorang demokrat yang menjunjung prinsip demokrasi dan menghormati nilai-nilai demokrasi berparlimen, pertama sekali saya ingin menyatakan bahawa ketuanan pengundi adalah penting dan ia memberi mandat kepada wakil-wakil rakyat di Parlimen dan DUN masing-masing. Apabila terdapat keraguan besar terhadap kesahihan mandat, langkah terbaik dan adil adalah memulangkan hak kepada pengundi-pengundi yang terjejas untuk membuat keputusan lagi. Dalam situasi sedemikian, pilihan raya kecil (PRK) seharusnya diadakan untuk mendapatkan jawapan dalam soal sesiapa yang memiliki mandat tersebut untuk mewakili pengundi-pengundi.

Semasa seorang ahli Parlimen menukar parti sepanjang tempoh perwakilan, ini telah menimbulkan keraguan yang cukup besar, sebab kebanyakan pengundi mengikut amalan memilih parti yang digemari dan berhasrat dapat menentukan parti yang membentuk kerajaan pada akhirnya. Kempen pilihanraya selalu menyuruh dan mendidik pengundi memangkah undi mengikut simbol parti politik, justeru ini adalah bukti amalan kebanyakan pengundi.

Sekiranya ahli Parlimen menang bertanding atas tiket BEBAS, beliau memasuki parti dalam tempoh perwakilan adalah perlu mengenal pasti semula mandat beliau [Soalan 2]. Kalau seseorang ahli Parlimen dipecat, perwakilan atas nama parti asal bertukar, beliau harus diberi peluang untuk membukti dalam PRK bahawa beliau kekal popular dan diberi mandat untuk meneruskan perwakilan [Soalan 4]. Ada sesetengah pihak menganggap tindakan ‘kosongkan kerusi’ ahli yang dipecat tidak adil, namun parti asal turut mengambil risiko kerana tindakan pemecatan ahli wakil rakyat akan menggadaikan parti tersebut satu kerusi dengan serta-merta, pada masa yang sama ia tidak pasti dalam PRK berikutnya parti tersebut boleh berjaya mempertahankan kerusi tersebut dari bekas ahli dan calon-calon parti lain. Oleh itu, secara rasionalnya, parti politik tidak akan memecat seseorang ahli wakil rakyat sewenang-wenangnya dengan alasan yang remeh, misalnya ahli tersebut ada pendirian berlainan dengan salah satu dasar polisi atau program parti di Dewan Rakyat. Biarlah ketidaktentuan mandat dalam situasi ini diselesaikan oleh PRK.

Praktis seseorang calon yang menggunakan simbol parti orang lain untuk bertanding, haruslah memikul tanggungjawab atas perbuatannya dan beranggap mewakili parti tersebut [Soalan 5]. Tiada masalah kalau calon yang menang itu memasuki parti tersebut pada masa depan secara rasmi. Seandainya beliau hendak ‘keluar’ parti menjadi BEBAS semula, tindakan ini haruslah dianggap bertukar parti.

Konteks bagi perwakilan gabungan atau parti komponen, adalah bergantung kepada simbol yang digunakan/diterbit atas kertas undi. Contohnya, jika seseorang calon adalah bertanding dengan menggunakan simbol Pakatan Harapan walaupun beliau adalah ahli parti DAP, jikalau beliau ‘melompat’ ke PKR dan kedua-dua parti ini masih dalam gabungan Pakatan Harapan, perbuatan ini tidak menyalahi mandat sokongan kepada Pakatan Harapan, kerusi tidak perlu dikosongkan [Soalan 6(i)]. Tetapi, jika calon tersebut bertanding atas simbol parti politik DAP (roket) dan menang, kemudian beliau bertukar parti ke PKR, perbuatan beliau haruslah dianggap ‘lompat’ parti. Kalau ahli Parlimen DAP tersebut bertukar ke Gerakan (dalam gabungan Perikatan Nasional), tidak kisah sama ada simbol asal adalah Pakatan Harapan ataupun roket juga dianggap ‘lompat’ parti [Soalan 6(ii)].

Pada pendapat saya, punca kuasa/perwakilan seorang ahli Dewan Negara adalah berbeza dengan ahli Dewan Rakyat yang bertanding di pilihanraya. Jika kelayakan seseorang ahli Dewan Negara adalah datang daripada mandat Dewan Undangan Negeri, ahli tersebut bertukar parti perwakilan tanpa persetujuan DUN adalah tidak munasabah dan tiada PRK untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian ini. Oleh itu, saya bercadang supaya kerusi ahli terlibat itu dikekalkan sehingga DUN menghantar perutusan baru untuk menukarkan ahli atas syarat-syarat tertentu [Soalan 3]. Saya juga ingin mengesyorkan bahawa RUU/ peruntukan baru ini haruslah membezakan mekanisme larangan bertukar parti bagi ahli Dewan Rakyat dan ahli Dewan Negara.

Bagi persoalan berkenaan kesesuaian RUU/peruntukan baru boleh dikenakan atas ahli DUN, saya berpendapat bahawa ada pindaan perlembagaan yang perlu diperkenalkan kepada semua wakil-wakil rakyat yang dipilih akibat pilihan raya umum/negeri, seperti mengubahsuai definisi kebebasan berpersatuan dan menghapuskan larangan wakil-wakil rakyat (ahli parlimen dan ADUN) untuk bertanding selama 5 tahun sekiranya meletak jawatan [Soalan 7].

Saya bercadang supaya Kerajaan juga mempertimbangkan penggubalan akta baru/khusus bagi tujuan larangan ahli Dewan Rakyat bertukar parti. Oleh sebab akta ini perlu menyatakan banyak definisi, syarat/parameter dan senario yang mungkin teknikal, hanyalah dengan adanya akta baru/khusus boleh memastikan semua aspek boleh dijalankan dengan sempurna [Soalan 1]. Tetapi, negeri-negeri haruslah diberi peluang untuk melaksanakan mekanisme/ menetapkan enakmen negeri bagi tujuan larangan bertukar parti yang berlainan berbanding dengan Persekutuan [Soalan 7], jadi penggubalan akta khusus ini perlulah sensitif untuk membenarkan negeri-negeri mencari mekanisme terbaik bagi mereka menangani masalah lompat parti.

Akhir sekali, saya ingin bercadang supaya penamaan akta khusus/baru itu boleh menjadi lebih positif dan bersesuaian dengan nilai-nilai demokrasi. Contohnya, saya bercadang Akta ini dinamakan sebagai Akta Mengesah Semula Mandat (Mandate Reaffirmation Act), nama ini lebih mencerminkan tujuan untuk menentukan mandat wakil rakyat melalui demokrasi pilihanraya, sebaliknya nama yang bersifat negatif ataupun menghukum seperti larangan bertukar parti atau ‘anti-lompat’, yang sebenarnya tidak tepat kerana ahli-ahli Parlimen diberi kebebasan untuk memilih parti mereka. Cuma janganlah mengikat terus dengan kerusi mereka tanpa bertanding semula (untuk mengesahkan mandat).

 

Thursday, April 28, 2022

988新聞線訪問(4月28日)

 #988新闻线|学校防疫SOP也放宽!教育部高级部长莫哈末拉兹今天宣布最新SOP,下月起所有学生必须回校上课,可以在食堂用餐;已经完成接种的教师可以脱罩教学。

政府放宽防疫SOP,大松绑后如何掌握疫情走向?人民应该注意些什么?#新闻线 与感染生物学博士林志翰连线,听听他怎么说。
更多精彩新闻,请留守988新闻线!主播:#馨蕊 #湘君



訪問短片在:

回顾FundMyHome计划:失败是预料中之事

 “产业众筹平台”概念先驱者FundMyHome的产业P2P融资计划在2018年11月正式推展开跑,当时还获得时任的首相马哈迪和财长林冠英高调推介撑腰。

摘录马哈迪那时的话:“该计划好得令人难以置信”,还有他与冠英双双夸下海口:“只要希盟继续执政,未来10年的供屋量将达到100万间(可负担房屋)。” 报导还记载马哈迪的戏言:“若计划失败,不会要求童贵旺(TheEdge媒体集团拥有人和FundMyHome发起人)排队枪毙,但会将之流放”。

回顾过去大约3年半,事过境迁,FundMyHome计划事到如今应可被视为“不太成功”,而马哈迪和林冠英已不在其位,童贵旺也应该没有被流放。假设希盟能继续执政,相信FundMyHome几乎肯定也不能催化那100万间可负担房屋的供应。

首购族问题未必在于银行

首先,要了解“产业众筹平台”的基本概念。这是一个让首购族以另类的融资方式来购买他们的房屋,意味著这不是传统的银行房贷。根据过去发展商和房产买家的回馈,高百分比的银行房贷申请失败是房产交易的障碍(2021年银行仅批准34.9%的房贷申请)。

另外一个问题则是,很多首购族仍难负担房产价值至少10%的首期付款,导致不能提早圆梦拥房。这让很多发展商懊恼,因为“可负担”房屋大量滞销(2021年上半年的数据:53.3%滞销单位属于50万令吉以下的价位),而联邦和多州政府的政策却又大力推动(甚至有时强制)发展商建造更多“可负担”价位房屋。

正因如此,有商家认为问题出在银行,所以绕道以“产业众筹平台”的方式协助首购族圆梦。FundMyHome最初的概念就是只要符合条件的首购族可以拿出20%的首期付款(注意,是20%哦!),其他的“投资者”就可能会融资其他的80%,让首购族可以拥房至少5年不用定期每月付房贷。5年后,买方就要决定是否以现时的屋价再融资和买断剩下来的价值来继续坐拥该产业,或转售手上的持有部分价值。

表明上看起来没问题?当时群议社文告就详细地分析了各种情况,得到的结论是FundMyHome是个大坏消息,非常不利于首购族,劝请有意者绝对要三思。这里就不再赘述原因,请读者参考该文告。

FundMyHome计划或还存在,只是网站最后更新已是2020的事了。网站里也宣布融资了1000万令吉的房产,若以每间平均值25万令吉来计算,那么FundMyHome只不过帮了50个首购族融资。若有注意,可发现该计划融资模式设计已有本质上的改变,再次印证了群议社与其他人早前的批评是有道理的。

大马证券委员会作为所有模式的“产业众筹平台”的监管机构,迟至2019年5月才公布监管框架和指南。这指南里的条件相当宽松,主要阐明房屋买方的参与资格和房产列在平台的条件,对于融资模式以及投资者投资票据的次交易方面相对开放。

投资者的不平等权力和利益

进一步分析,为何FundMyHome不成功?产业众筹平台这概念还可行吗?我认为,产业众筹平台催生的目的其实本末倒置,因为问题未必在银行,而是“可负担”房屋房价其实并不可真正负担。

要知道银行拒绝某些房贷的申请,通常基于本身部门的风险评估机制。毕竟银行是营利机构,房贷坏账在经济不景气时对银行本身的现金运转冲击更大。难道产业众筹平台操作者会不知道一些房屋买方的财务风险吗?投资者也肯定朝著盈利而来,这绝对不是慈善或天使投资者。

因此若把风险计算在里面,风险越大当然投资者要求的回筹会更多。平台设计者肯定也知道,所以当初FundMyHome的设计是5年内房产升值的数额80%归投资者,若贬值则动用买家的20%首期付款来抵押,尽量把亏损风险降到最低。

对于投资者来说,如果他们评估那些参与的房产会在5年内升值,他们会青睐产业众筹平台(或变相鼓舞他们去炒热那些房产)。一旦遇上经济萧条,房产业受冲击、房产不可能升值,那么金钱就不会滚动了。正好2020年开始全球遇上了新冠肺炎疫情导致经济灾难,房产业叫苦连天。即使发展商想要通过这平台来帮忙销售单位(尤其是滞销单位),那时也没有投资者会要参与。这解释了为何产业众筹平台从2020年就开始沉寂。

天下没有白吃的午餐

对房屋首购族来说,FundMyHome计划其实根本没有协助他们圆梦,只是把他们的融资问题延后5年,也要认清现实任何房产升值,买方也得付出代价和牺牲出让。

总的来说,产业众筹平台或许是个暂时绕道银行房贷的捷径,但绝对不是一个更好的协助房屋首购族的方式。由于产业众筹平台设计的逻辑倾向投资者利益,难以想像有任何的模式可让首购族和投资者能平等双赢。若首购族权衡和比较了银行房贷和租屋的选项后,是否还有意要参与此平台?

政客的话:“这计划好得令人难以置信”,千万不要相信。希盟政府的政策有问题,当今政府应该划清界限,拒绝萧规曹随,不要再跟随地产发展商和投资者的逻辑。政府应该正视房产价值如今已通膨至不可负担的地步,而人民的收入增长呆滞无法跟上房价。

刊登于《東方日報》《群議良策》專欄2022年4月27日 

東方臉書鏈接

Sunday, April 24, 2022

撤户外口罩令与否 民众反应两极化? - 八度空間華語新聞採訪(23-4-2022)

 


簡介:

受访的清道夫说,若往后可脱口罩扫地确实较舒服,但考量健康安全,有人的地方就算烈日当空下她扫着地,也还是会选择戴口罩。

【记者】#许文杰

***

我的個人採訪手稿:

強制戴口罩政策應該是個動態的政策,意思是說,要隨著疫情和群體免疫發展、疾病傳染趨勢和風險、以及根據最新科學知識和證據,政府需要作出調整。


但是要貫徹政策,問題是如何要公眾跟得上和了解他們的角色,以及明白為什麼他們要這樣做。


最容易的做法就是一律強制戴上口罩或全面解除口罩如不少歐美西方國家,那麼就界限分明。


問題是,雖然我國的疫情已減緩好轉,但還沒不算進入了地方流行病階段,意思就是說,現在我們還處於瘟疫pandemic的階段。我們還不能說要完全解除戴口罩指令,因為我們還有高風險群體需要照顧,而新冠肺炎仍是個威脅。


可是,在疫情消退的當兒,政府可以開始鬆綁一些防疫政策,最好就是從最低風險的開始。


首先要說清楚的是,前天放出風聲的那不是衛生部的政策建議,而昨天衛生部部長凱里說鬆綁強制戴口罩的政策還有未定案,下週才公佈。


我個人支持在人潮稀少和通風的戶外空間不強制戴口罩,那是因為如果沒有人與人之間的接觸,個人受感染的機會微乎其微。有人說新冠病毒可以通過空氣傳播,但那些人沒告訴你在什麼樣的情況下這種風險的可能性有多高。我個人不認為在通風的戶外有強制戴口罩的需要。


我也明白為什麼會有人反對 – 有人擔心戶外戴口罩的指令一旦解除,或許會有更多人過後也‘忘了’要在其他需要場合戴上口罩。也許有人會混淆什麼情況和場合要戴上或可以解除口罩。要知道在公眾場合戴口罩是有效防疫措施的重要一環,這個作用即使是戴上非醫用口罩也有效的。


我個人認為隨著疫情轉變,政策轉變無可厚非。政府可以給予更清楚的SOP指示協助人民跟從最新的防疫政策。現在最好就是採取positive list的方式,說明什麼情況或特定場合需要強制戴上口罩,那麼其他情況或場合就代表不需要強制了,這樣會比較有利於讓人民跟從。


個人推薦接下來可以放寬的方面包括所有戶外活動除非人潮擁擠的場合,擁有良好通風以及人與人之間保持一定的肢體距離的室內環境,那麼在室內也可以解除強制戴上口罩的指令。比如說,在一個寬敞通風的辦公室空間,各自員工的座位有舒服的距離,那麼他們也可以不用戴上口罩。


我明白一些定義界限很難說得準(比如說怎樣才算是通風或人潮稀少),每個人會有不同的感官和判斷,這也是放寬政策的風險。我認為防疫已是個人責任比較重大的時候,不能期待政府執法來確保遵守指令。


有人說要杜絕新冠肺炎通過空氣的傳染,就要戴上更好、更合適的醫用口罩比如說N95口罩,但這類型的口罩也不宜戴久,因為會讓人呼吸困難。再加上這類型的口罩價錢不菲,不太可能要求人民長期購買和使用。而我本身不認為需要去到使用這種醫用口罩的境界,市面上的一般口罩也已能發揮一定的功效。


無論如何,即使是不久後解除了不少強制佩戴口罩的指令,不要忘記,這不意味著未來不會隨著疫情變化比如說新的變種毒株威脅到來,又重新檢討和改變。還有,個人還是有責任保護免疫能力比較弱、屬於高風險群體的幼小和樂齡人士和帶有併發症的家人親戚朋友。所以,即使不是強制,你還是可以選擇戴上口罩避免自己被感染和傳染給他人。這些風險評估,你就得自己作出判斷,但最好身邊還是隨時攜帶口罩以應付不時之需。


老話一句,防疫抗疫,人人有責。注重健康和衛生。


Thursday, April 21, 2022

The meaning of extended maternity leave


On March 21, amendments to the 2021 Employment Act were passed after the third reading.

Many among the working population, especially the younger ones, are joyous upon hearing this news, because the amendments include extending female employees’ paid maternity leave from 60 to 98 days, while male employees can also have seven days of paid paternity leave.

In fact, at the committee stage after the second reading, the government accepted the suggestion to improve the bill tabled for the first reading, which initially proposed only 90 days maternity leave and three days paternity leave.

As early as 2000, the International Labour Organization set the minimum number of days of paid maternity leave in the Maternity Protection Convention, which is 14 weeks or 98 days.

Although Malaysia is almost 22 years late to the party, it is better late than never, and finally meets the minimum requirement.

Looking at countries in the Asia-Pacific region, Malaysia is now on par with them in terms of paid maternity leave. Consider this as a normalisation step for Malaysia in line with international best practices.

However, comparing the length of maternity leave and its benefits across countries could be difficult, because in some countries paid maternity leave is not on a full salary, or the number of benefits is reduced after a certain period.

For example, the length of maternity leave in Japan is a total of 14 weeks, it is divided into six weeks before childbirth and eight weeks postnatal, but social insurance only provides two-thirds of the salary.

The United Kingdom provides 39 weeks of paid maternity leave but only pays 90% of the weekly salary for the first six weeks and then the next 33 weeks according to a standard salary cap.

The final 13 weeks of maternity leave are optional but unpaid. Some countries also offer parental leave, the benefit allowances are calculated differently. Currently, no parental leave is enacted in Malaysia.

Meet the needs of female labour

Some say that the difference in maternity leave and welfare is a reflection of the civilisation and social development for a particular country, but this is not necessarily true.

The United States is one of the countries in which the federal government does not legislate for mandatory paid maternity leave.

In my opinion, the reality on the ground can better explain the length of maternity leave, which depends on how much the government or society generally values and relies on women’s participation in labour and economic activities.

In general, if a country has a declining fertility rate, an aging population, as well as maintaining a high demand for female labour, the government and employers would then tend to agree to provide better maternity leave benefits for female employees and are more willing to retain their service after giving birth.

Some employers understand that right talent and skills are not easy to find and replace, and once they find the persons, they will try their best to keep them. Also, it has become the major trend for more women to join the workforce.

Given the gradual but significant improvement of women’s education and professional level in recent decades, employers must appreciate and cherish the benefits that the talents bring to the company, and therefore they have an obligation to protect women’s labour rights.

Extending paid maternity leave certainly has positive implications.

Although there are multiple reasons to explain the declining fertility rate in many countries, statutory paid maternity leave does help to increase the willingness of some women to give birth.

Australia mandated paid maternity leave for private sector in 2011, and research found that the policy increased respondents’ willingness to have an extra child by 16%.

An earlier survey in 2006 found that proposed paid maternity leave motivated mostly young female workers in the 15-24 age group, increasing their willingness to reproduce by about a third.

Even if paid maternity leave may not necessarily increase a country’s fertility rate, imagine if a country does not have such a policy, will the fertility rate plummet further?

Reduce family burden

The country sends a signal of goodwill to support family development and family planning, simply by extending paid maternity leave and granting paid paternity leave.

Honestly, there shouldn’t be many people, if any, who really intend to bring their children into the world just because they want to enjoy these maternity benefits.

However, the latest amendments to the act will definitely reduce the financial and psychological burden on new families. It is important to acknowledge that planning for childbirth and raising children is a major life event, new parents are most anxious and worried.

Even though some mothers will likely find it insufficient still, 98 days of paid maternity leave is definitely much better than the earlier statutory 60 days.

The first childbirth experience is crucial, as usually it affects the desire and possibility of the next childbirth. Hence any form of government support would be appreciated.

The current federal government policy in encouraging fertility includes income tax relief, and some state governments such as Penang, have a programme to provide birth incentives.

While there aren’t many public cash rewards, you should appreciate that government benefits in healthcare and education are also a kind of subsidies that reduce parenting costs.

Therefore, as long as female employees can return to the workplace and keep their jobs, they can continue to provide household expenses and maintain the most important financial foundation for raising children.

Businesses should pay for maternity leave

Some also said that companies should not bear the full cost of paid maternity leave. They “cannot afford to pay an extra month’s salary to the ‘absentees”, so they need the government or social insurance agencies to share the burden. I do not agree with this argument.

Wages paid by companies to employees actually only account for 36% of the gross production value. Malaysia is one of the countries with the lowest wages-to-gross production value ratio (compensation of employees of GDP) in the region, which means that our salary has been long suppressed.

The total fertility rate in our country has been declining year by year. A sum of 1.7 babies per woman was recorded in 2020 among the childbearing female age group, so female employees giving birth are not incidents as frequent as the company would imagine.

It is unreasonable to say that the company could not afford to support two times of 98-day maternity leave for a particular female employee in a span of a few years, knowing that this is likely all she requires during her lifetime.

As for self-employed or freelance workers, the government should provide maternity and paternity leave benefits through other means so that the former can also receive the benefit equally.

In order to prevent gender-selective bias in recruitment and employment by private companies, the state should also increase the number of days of paternity leave for male employees.

In this way, raising children is regarded as the responsibility of both parents, and therefore women cannot be “blamed” for giving birth and taking maternity leave, because that child also needs to be taken care of by the father.

It is a trend and reality that women’s rights and interests are on the rise and thus, it is better to pay more attention to gender equality. It is a more sensible approach for female employees to choose to not keep silent over discrimination or injustice, and seek another job opportunity.

Therefore, a workplace and company culture discriminating against women would be counterproductive, and will make the company suffer long-term losses.

If enterprises could have foresight, family harmony and increase in fertility rate will help to grow future labour force and talents.

Businesses and the government cannot look at short-term interest of the firms at the expense of future workforce and economic fundamentals.

Adjusting social attitudes towards gender role

Personally, I believe in gender equality, and therefore it should also mean equal responsibility for both men and women.

Breastfeeding aside, I should expect myself to be able to do everything my wife can do.

Singapore allows two weeks of paid paternity leave, which can be increased to four weeks to share the leave with the wife.

I hope the government could also consider providing flexible parental leave shared by both parents in future, and hopefully they could bear part of the allowance.

Even unpaid parental leave would be useful for contingencies, such as when a child is sick and needs to stay at home to be taken care of by a parent.

I believe that allowing men to take more parental leave will help normalise gender equality in parenting. In this way, society can gradually adjust the perceived family role of women in society.

97th article for Agora@TMI column, published on The Malaysian Insight, 18 Apr 2022 

Sunday, April 10, 2022

988採訪(3月30日)

 请问 继续或停用mysejahtera 打卡登记,各有哪些考量?有哪些利弊?

 

答:如今的MySejahtera1.1.8版本,如果計算所有更新的版本,自從政府在2020420號推出以來,目前已有57個版本。功能也從原本純粹的打卡登入場所方便政府追蹤病例,到現在多重功能包括疫苗證書和預約管理、顯示健康狀態和冠病風險、通報自行篩檢測試結果、通報確診隔離每日的健康報告、冠病疫情數據和消息等。

 

目前公眾和媒體議論的課題是,MySejahtera的實際擁有權是在誰的手上,還有合約糾紛矛盾,以及政府如何在沒有經過招標過程讓KPISoft公司管理和發展這應用程序。政府已多次發表聲明保證衛生部擁有所有的數據沒有與外人甚至其他部門分享,而且這些數據只能通過一定的方程式才會到政府的手上,其他時候都在個人手機裡。這些保證,因為這次的合約風波,讓一些公眾覺得慌張而失去了信心。

 

根據目前的情況,無論合約風波如何,公眾依然需要根據法令和政府規定指示應用MySejahtera或其他方式登記登入場所。如果不這麼做,事實上業主和公眾本身可能會因此犯規而在傳染疾病防範和控制法令下被開罰單。以目前MySejahtera的應用廣度,應該相當難避免使用。因此,如果日常生活仍有外出的朋友,你們要想一想這方面的後果。

 

至於未來政府是否還應該繼續要求人民使用MySejahtera打卡來追蹤病例,那就要看如今使用登記場所追蹤病例的成效,又或者看目前開啟的MySJ Trace是否能取代人們需要到處打卡登入的需要。這一點,政府必須要用證據來說服人民有關這打卡功能的必要性,或給一個期限比如說到了地方流行病階段就停止打卡要求?

 


Thursday, April 07, 2022

反跳槽法的嚴重缺陷?

 針對這文章:反跳槽法有严重缺陷,黄进发促勿强制各州施行

当今大马 | Apr 6, 2022 (https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/617130)

我在社交聊天群組裡提問:

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我不認為這一定是個缺陷-- 除非認定議員們全部都傾向自保所以不管民意只聽黨意,然後黨肯定會針對爭議性公眾利益課題的不同立場表態而採取開除的決定...不然該黨也得思考,如果因為一個課題的表態而開除了一個議員,那麼他們就首先失去了一席,再來該黨因為一個公眾利益課題開除一位議員,會使接下來的補選會演變成對一個課題的公投,而開除議員決定甚至會惹怒不少選民,增加他們對該黨的負面印象。

當然,如果該黨很有信心可以重奪該議席,這可能另當別論,但依然可能面對形象重挫。因此,一黨必須要深思熟慮什麼情況要開除議員,因為這決定就直接造就補選,原任者甚至可以師出有名以獨立人士或其他黨旗上陣重奪該議席(如果他比較得民心)。

好了,不要這麼抽象,就拿個場景擬定假設。假如在2015年檳州州議會已有同樣的反跳槽法,有環保議員之稱的鄭雨周依然要就填海課題在州議會良心投反對票。如果你是行動黨領袖,你是否要因為這個投票傾向而開除鄭雨周面對補選嗎?你們會怎麼說?

因此,我想力證的是,反跳槽法針對政黨開除議員失去資格的設定,未必一定會造成一言堂的局面,除非有人假設一定沒有為公眾利益發言的良心議員出現/存在以及政黨不理性計算開除議員黨籍的後果、影響和代價(ie.驕傲和肆無忌憚地play hard ball開除他(們)面對補選)。

太過跟著黨意的議員們也得為下屆大選著想,比如說支持填海會造成很多沿海居民的反彈而失去了很多選票,可能導致下屆失利。

***

所以反跳槽法反而會造成更多議員像鄭雨周在議會針對公眾利益課題表態 ,因為政黨要開除的代價變大了,所以不應該有“一言堂”才對?

我的意思是在反跳槽法實施後,對政黨的計算也有不利的dynamic你不談,而反說這造就更多的一言堂,這個也是個很大的假設。

我認為那個針對開除議員的反跳槽條例是針對真正叛變的議員,而不是針對對個別公眾利益議題在議會中投票的議員。

再說,黨文化和黨民主如何,不是罷免法或反跳槽法可以解決的事。

我大膽假設,在反跳槽法實施後,政黨更不敢隨便開除在議會裡對一些公眾利益議題持有異議的議員。所以會造就未來更多的鄭雨周。

如果真的這個版本的反跳槽法實施後,以後我們可以客觀觀察以後的事情發展走勢。這不純粹是主觀意願,而是有脈絡的利益計算分析。

政黨也是有理性的,他們不會隨便開除議員,因為這意味著他們要直接面對民意裁決。這是目前反跳槽法實施後的直接結果。